214 High Street, Norfolk was also expected to marry Mary. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. Europe. In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. The Duke of Medina Sidonia sailed up the Channel and anchored at Calais while waiting for reinforcements from the Duke of Parmas troops. [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. The victory over the Spanish boosted Elizabeths popularity and strengthened the Protestant cause as it was a sign that God favoured Protestantism. In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. Elizabeth I is by many historians considered one of England's greatest ever monarchs, which heralded the 'golden age' in English history. 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. [The conclusion establishes relative importance and explains why one factor was more important than another.]. Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland was part of the Rising in the North in 1569. - death of henry II. Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. These problems all led to supply issues for the Spanish Armada and had a major impact on the morale of the Spanish troops. Abroad, however, was another matter as Marys execution inflamed Catholic opposition and increased the threat of foreign invasion. Explain why Elizabeth faced many problems upon ascending to the throne in 1558 . Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. The Armada set sail in May 1588, but due to bad weather and attempts by an English fleet to intercept it, was delayed for several weeks in the Bay of Biscay. Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was part of the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. Mary Queen of Scots was married to . First English colony in Virginia established. The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. Elizabeth was inheriting a terrible situation, which she had to sort out. As the closest person to God in the eyes of the Catholics, obeying the Pope was of paramount importance and this meant Elizabeth had to be suspicious of other Catholic threats at home. The plot was uncovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, who intercepted and read Babingtons letters to Mary. LS23 6AD This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. [Relative comparison made to inform the judgement here shows instantly criteria are being established, helping to signpost the rest of the answer.]. However, there were other challenges facing Elizabeth. Therefore, I disagree with the statement. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. The first question to ask yourself when revising for GCSE psychology is which exam board am I studying? Protestants (notably John Knox) initially claimed female rule was unnatural or monstrous, while Roman Catholics judged . You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . Anyone refusing to pay poor rates could be imprisoned and officials failing to organise poor relief could be fined. There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. When Mary eventually gets pregnant, Francis is initially . This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. The relationship with Spain and King Phillip II was at a low point in 1587 as the two countries were at war over the Netherlands. In July, the Spanish fleet was seen off Cornwall and signal fires known as beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to the Elizabeth who was in London. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. Elizabeth faced many problems upon her accession to her throne in 1558 and, whilst the question of legitimacy was important, the immediate concerns of debt, as well as the threat from France and Scotland were of far greater significance as they instantly impacted upon her ability to rule. It was the only major threat to Henry's security as monarch. Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. VAT reg no 816865400. Elizabeth offered support to the Protestant Henry IV of France but found him an difficult ally to get on with. The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes. Write a paragraph or two. Born the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn on 7 September 1533, Elizabeth's right to rule as queen of England never went unchallenged. Over 100,000 of this was owed to the Antwerp Exchange who charged an interest rate of 14%. The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. In 1568, Spanish ships laden with gold bullion took refuge in English ports to escape the bad weather. Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth. Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth's blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation against foreign enemies. Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. West Yorkshire, He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. The treaty essentially allowed Elizabeth to focus on developing events in the Netherlands and not worry about protecting her northern border. Even though a truce was decided, there was still a constant threat from the Scots and French to the English security . Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mother's room inside Hampton Court Palace, in Middlesex. . At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). In 1558, England lost its final possession - the port of Calais - in France. More significantly, she was worried she would have to adopt a secondary role in the running of her country, as the period was very patriarchal. Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. Northern Rebellion led by Earl of Westmorland. However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. Suitable for the Edexcel GCSE History (9-1) course. Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. Elizabeth's legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. To study the ways in which Henry consolidated his rule. (*fragmentary*). [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. Drake was the first English person to achieve this (and the second person in history at the time). Many people refused to recognize Elizabeth as a legitimate heir because her mother was Anne Boleyn, who was Henry VIIIs second wife. Babington and other known plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered. By this time radical Puritan sectaries were perceived to be . The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. threats did Elizabeth face in 1558? Good explanation and link back to the question here at the end of the paragraph.]. LS23 6AD In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. . Many people did not want a foreigner influencing England policy. Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. Elizabeths legitimacy becomes a problem because of this marriage. Looking back at historical examples, it might be because they did a . Oct 12, 2019 83 Dislike Podpast 106 subscribers Recap and review of the problems Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. Norfolk was killed in 1572. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. The reasons for, and consequences of, the English victory. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. Who we are Changelog Terms of Service Privacy Policy FAQ Sitemap, Psychology History Sociology Business Studies, Psychology Sociology Business Studies Mathematics, Latest Posts Resources Workbooks Past Papers. Naval support by the English proved to be more effective for the Dutch rebels and a fleet of English ships patrolled the Dutch coastline to prevent the Spanish from landing some of their forces by sea. Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly? In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. [Referencing this date is very good, because it demonstrates to the examiner awareness of WHY the question includes this date in the first place. Mary was spared. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). On the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth, many hard-line Protestants returned from mainland Europe (where they had fled for their own safety during the reign of Mary) in the full expectation that they were returning to a state where Protestantism was the one and only . 2. By 1572 Protestant ideas had spread in the Netherlands and Protestant Dutch rebels began a campaign for independence from Catholic Spain, leading to the Dutch Revolt. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. She changed the church back to Anglican and it has been the official . Freshwater supplies were lost and many tons of food rotted as the fleet eventually sailed to England in 1588. to answer the Section Focus Question: VAT reg no 816865400. Elizabeth had been in power for eight years by 1566 and it was at this time that the Catholic threat began to increase. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. For example, from 1567, Elizabeth allowed the Dutch sea beggars to shelter in English harbours (from where they then attacked Spanish ships in the English Channel who were making their way with men and materiel to support Albas mission). VAT reg no 816865400. Company Reg no: 04489574. As such, I disagree with the statement. 214 High Street, J. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . At the start of her reign in 1558, Elizabeth faced many problems it was a very tumultuous time for her. King Phillip saw the signing of the 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch as a declaration fo war on Spain and in response, he began to build a huge fleet of ships known as an Armada to invade England with. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. Doodle's Point of View Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were. The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. Some Vikings fled to France to establish a colony called Normandy. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). Spains forces in the Netherlands mutinied (as they hadnt been paid by the now bankrupt Spanish government). Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. Died: 24 March 1603. The Northern Earls staged a rebellion (1569) centred around Mary, aiming to depose Elizabeth and crown Mary, raising tension between the two monarchs. In 1558, the same year Elizabeth became Queen of England, a number of Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. Foreign Affairs. She pledged to finance an army of 7,400 English troops and placed Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in charge of them. This was because the society was very patriarchal, male dominated, meaning that she . 214 High Street, Upon his arrival, he accepted the position of Governor-General which proved to be a big mistake as it suggested that Elizabeth had taken control of the Netherlands. Boston Spa, West Yorkshire, The plan was discovered and the Earls feared being executed for treason, so in a desperate attempt to escape punishment, they rebelled against Elizabeth and tried to overthrow her. - Overall, I think the threat of invasion was one of Elizabeth's problems when she became queen as both Spain and France were powerful countries who had reasons to invade England and this was increased as Spain and France could unite against Protestant England. He plotted a Spanish invasion of England, which would involve the killing of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. The features and significance of the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots. The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. - Threats of invasion or Elizabeth's authority were made worse by her financial situation. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. The reasons for, and significance of, the Revolt of the Northern Earls, 156970. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. There was also a fear that France and Scotland, alongside Spain, could launch an invasion of England as part of a greater Catholic crusade against the rogue English Protestant nation. Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. Mary was forced to flee following her unsuccessful attempt to win back her Scottish throne. After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. Both could be serious threats to Elizabeths England. 806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course. Elizabeth I: a biography. This helps to explain why Elizabeth had to deal with so many plots, the intention of which was to replace Elizabeth with Mary. Mary, Queen of Scots cousin (the French Duke of Guise) intended to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism. Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. Queen Elizabeth has confiscated large portions of land from the Earl of Northumberland and given it his main rivals in the north and south who were both Protestant. This was viewed as significant because it was seen as a means to increase trade, to expand Protestantism and to use the area as a base for attacks on Spanish colonies in the New World. This peace treaty between England and France ended the war inherited by Elizabeth from her half-sister Mary I, who went to war alongside her Spanish husband Philip II in 1557. By 1568 most people had accepted. The Spanish responded by doing the same to the English. The child cried when he saw the _______ of his favorite toy in the driveway. The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. Ironically the simple accession of Elizabeth in 1558 made any desire for a settlement so much more difficult. Another being the English sympathy to the protestant rebels on the Netherlands. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are both part of The Student Room Group. Save. Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. Drake also managed to capture a Spanish ship called the. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. They never met with the Duke of Parma and were forced to sail around the British Isles. The English had drastically improved their shipbuilding techniques which gave them several technological advantages. This was one of the more serious courtships of Elizabeth's reign. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st explanation. He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. Their complete failure effectively ended any threat Spain posed to the English. Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? Become a Member | Continue with Recommended Cookies. Roman Catholics . King Philip of Spain sent an. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Spain had become a great military power as Phillip ruled Spain, the Netherlands and parts of Italy. It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. What he meant by this was he had inflicted significant temporary damage on the Spanish Armada and it would regrow in time. The war against France ended in 1559, and following Elizabeths accession, they tried to maintain good relations between the two countries. By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . This issue of divorce creates problems for Catholics. AQA GCSE History Paper 2 Section A 8145/2A/C - 16 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], Edexcel GCSE History Paper 2: British depth study 1HI0 B1-B4 16 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], Edexcel GCSE History Paper 2: Period study 1HIA P1-P5 - 21 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], AQA A Level History Paper 1 (options A to L) 7042/1C - 26 May 2022 [Exam Chat], OCR A Level History Non-British period study: All Exams - 22 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], Edexcel GCSE History Paper 1: Thematic study 1HI0 10-13 - 19 May 2022 [Exam Chat], AQA GCSE History Paper 2 Section B 8145/2B/C - 21 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], AQA GCSE History Paper 2 Section A 8145/2A/A - 16 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], AQA GCSE History Paper 1 Section B 8145/1B/C - 19 May 2022 [Exam Chat], Edexcel A Level History Paper 3: 9HI0 30-39 - 22 June 2022 [Exam Chat], AQA GCSE History Paper 1 Section B 8145/1B/B - 19 May 2022 [Exam Chat], Edexcel GCSE History Paper 3: Modern depth study 1HI0 30-33 - 9 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], Edexcel A Level History Paper 2: Depth Study 9HI0 2A-2H - 10 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat]. This increased tension between England and Spain. The English army was also poorly equipped and Elizabeth did not provide sufficient funds to pay for the English troops. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: In 1568, the Queens Spymaster, Francis Walsingham used his spy network to prove that Mary had supported the Babington Plot. Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. 214 High Street, Anthony Babington, an English Catholic, wrote to Mary about the plot. While a baby is born at various points throughout the show, Francis is not its father. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. In 1565 the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire proposed that Elizabeth marry Archduke Charles of Austria. Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Elizabeth had given financial help to the rebels, however, remained reluctant to provoke King Phillip by getting directly involved. Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. English sailors land at Roanoke to find it abandoned. She was able to fight off illness, rebellions . The death of Spains leading admiral, Santa Cruz, in February 1588, led to the appointment of the inexperienced Duke of Medina Sidonia to lead the Spanish Armada. The Spanish sailed as far north as Scotland to make sure they did not regroup and return to collect Parmas army. Dedicated to. The plot was uncovered whilst Ridolfi was abroad (he never returned). The Act of Supremacy The queen's reassertion of control over religious matters was achieved via the April 1559 CE Act of Supremacy, once more closing the door on the Pope. England and Spain had tried to remain on good terms but a growing rivalry between them led to increased tensions. As these privateers were supposedly independent, Elizabeth could deny any responsibility for the activities and this helped to prevent open conflict with King Phillip and Spain directly.
Meet The Richardsons Music Jethro Tull,
False Negative Pcr Covid Test Omicron,
Chicagoland Skydiving Center Death,
Black's Funeral Home Marshall Texas,
Brookers Reserve And In Bela Bela, South Africa,
Articles W