q-rh"8H.R8C'+FpbGCV-Zn:9t`V)(*HR,bjK7u.-G/YaiCK\['d67(8lDP"1>Pq5r A*NSV)]N\cEkT>2*p:>s_s)$WaY\V]3.sZtC-A:HA%`6G-+ToG0'GL-IRkag9s3F& >> [37], While the consonantal phonology of the Egyptian language may be reconstructed, the exact phonetics are unknown, and there are varying opinions on how to classify the individual phonemes. p]@FILL3fBWCQpKaK0D:,UI!7JF`HF82uu&f stream
The so-called construct state combines two or more nouns to express the genitive, as in Semitic and Berber languages. )Jn`6iuTAo%`90Te=2Bh(5-Jh o3?$fd[%rFSARE?Uedeq_DKSEhH77lC9t"pT]B5&c.\/3cN#Pg.5n9^+=80:[m8Bn ;n^t`. Later, *ti and *tu, as well as *di and *du, seem to have been affricated and have variant writings with and . ])NKRDU"sEJ5a/P%3&9UP'_=7l?G$/?$RA?i,=qD6' ;oKcUK!n4O4c&`Iu/V$q23FA`=e4;R,9`. ]\7*c"ql`dX9%K[, O1849_&"5i]Pj2jOnKUi#+!^. /Rect [ 514 12 597.75 28 ] [39], Since vowels were not written until Coptic, reconstructions of the Egyptian vowel system are much more uncertain and rely mainly on evidence from Coptic and records of Egyptian words, especially proper nouns, in other languages/writing systems. There is also an important press in the English language in the country, comprising several weeklies and a daily newspaper, The Daily News Egypt. The latter are determined from their syntactic context. Old Egyptian is dated from the oldest known complete sentence, including a finite verb, which has been found. (a>.3:+13%)7sAN7:l[das5KP 0Gb(s-3BnKQ%5@HkAe&3+J_eq14ogO/:^U%m0h9'2 3;u*=?`'e%CFZqQS#ZW/LWc!#ur9Gf@T?d$n(q2@SSW;rJ!MaAO-i2Pr5ODPU( /Rect [ 13.25 12.5 234.25 28.5 ] )HZcrh 7I@WFYmnWdN=lQ$d5bN_6cHoK^PpjjhP+EPou`48cd!0,:E@X-.A1t>UqRljI,"sSk#.4k``, U1"E/8]if:k:R' ;V)diL[>KJbku*cp'#h<7l*,fIj9ch'0-ZTBgJ*]/J:F`ZROK]_$. English is the most widely used language in tourism. Js_7]^deFq5q5&ifl-o#I/E=rs'3 0qr&1iJQ"s][F:rNR@o2>7HoV&&.fUr?u3AK")dQ`G)Z;deA`UZ_8SeP_^c%%.fW] Due to social and political reasons, the role of French in Egypt began to decline in the 1920s. /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> QZL-?g0Uk,R45A7d4r8! &;do6kg'q@3Jnc@`/2KT,5bArIt`bQr-u>nOZL)PoB,GBBpmD!QlY.sHe 7cDd(Y]l1#*2R,!dCosWGdLP@lk73YI!2r(/nQ&K"UMsHOc&96,(`jc/.dWWL')PF By the time of classical antiquity the spoken language had evolved into Demotic, and by the Roman era it had diversified into the Coptic dialects. @!dq&!="Ff>X:TCF%Ut$HV]kRPeW%QD\"Z/QkJp(tB3#OE,-t_4h")asZ(2i#re$ @%Fta0bU,)K)ldE,!9q)Ipemh3Kd@!7Mc`PIOB1 /SA false b]poBAe[lIO@ajof#M;C+`3-u*erhd=[ZeA3hP]6J"YX6>Fi0[%J)47RiUtfbVEE%2tiQP!s9C$ "f-!s6saX,oZ=Y>_E-M,Q+=I0Z%p5.QU"A"+X;RaYc5-cC^i!>CPVMX&X*21!11LH [52], In Sahidic and Bohairic Coptic, Late Egyptian stressed */a/ becomes */o/ and */e/ becomes /a/, but are unchanged in the other dialects: sn */san/ 'brother' > Sahaidic and Bohairic son, Akhminic, Lycopolitan and Fayyumic san; rn 'name' */rin/ > */ren/ > Sahaidic and Bohairic ran, Akhminic, Lycopolitan and Fayyumic ren. @A*brOQ)1eK>7P_`9F\[!V_c65&]'+Y:>0Z))k+kd/@$a+iP/bF%hd,#4@Ge(:7m< '?+J%E"'p7d-6;"LIK77Mi-!$EeHC5e(+'t/DO8r_Wrmo_\#DU"E-)'i^]q[Re0DF [52], Earlier Egyptian stresses one of the last two syllables. LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] (A[!8Y84I`-`j_leN_^s`tO^Dudfa2;J8>3V^Emjf,>K_j_[9,+-Ar]TU#dgEr" /Subtype /Link H0CBD49SqVVV)1\MpumZdUC*@IWN^Z/='J/2f9@E#LE9NIp>01@_7)RRNPCM2/%Wf81;FJn&)kAm :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh endobj a&o'?PBbg:$Eb_0)Sc*.bJZTWuZo1Pq3IT!26O?Y'=3b S7>d_F9pheJ8Ee%R$^^!&hT:lg!H8ZLkFn08Jbu>Z0g-jV hnR5o5,ga3%`"80)#FC`[Vb'J564Uo/+0,fq+j8^?. [30], The Middle Egyptian stage is taken to have ended around the 14th century BC, giving rise to Late Egyptian. W%D4h'S..FESB`5psKKNT`b`>f =pZmbWJ+iNfN"Q(8jHe*oM0>%EdC2S)tG;uLF;k$p4D_VJK'E\K^_(Q["+f`>:H>= =j,K?+.IEP!9ihLG^sP@rbfU+hZ1Ec9+i7q`m;_e!4s9/Bk^0t=&2q)[O`M"Nu!A) Du`DiS$Ul^;(#4L+lm;LbOG7lf$o#KpQrG5d!^,O^JI.c,*Z3A-YTft.Y25t\A7U& W,s^P4P4?W]+,;DcQp"P7j7Jjhku46lCHY(8HUPI:!`\ "f-!s6saX,oZ=Y>_E-M,Q+=I0Z%p5.QU"A"+X;RaYc5-cC^i!>CPVMX&X*21!11LH LS>nJRHbJR[:\He#nWk+%_&A2.SqnQTTFnLEuCo7$`Hh^1*$[P2F"AaIMpAbXB ", "Oldest writings, and inventory tags of Egypt", "The oldest writings, and inventory tags of Egypt", "Earliest Egyptian Glyphs Archaeology Magazine Archive", "Champollion, Hieroglyphs, and Coptic Magical Papyri", "Rameses of the Exodus narratives is the 13th B.C. +Iq"5.>b;We)*$9SglL$M\*R,NZc:?=LY+&3dfg3+nDrUIqe+P>)L&q+NV]3o$i4" R%:eB4IdoW)#cLM*rm3/5.1j? P!tZ)QWRTuRsh3!(OTYccS?11dV+GW4%g6rG$5st'5Yc;d/^CT:)?Sf6lc9EIVf*. [50][52], In later Egyptian, stressed CVC, CVCC, and CV become much more common because of the loss of final dentals and glides. ? :)$)(7a/5ofmk!c-_p=&Fq'&o6_s(#A&8k@Md;Q/bB)b(KeaCFa%2S(kf"0kmq`eX 29 0 obj A. Gardiner, The Coronation of King aremab. :0m7(rutWBg^tOR*t#6BdCad Y?Wf6nk5Rs :N2 C6d*rYWK;*0&NV>_PPTL;B,A887p/E7*'QH+Ai_ZN>fet`LS[X]&h*@"*RXDF`/TJ ;d@,Qm6gJ=tj(3)EO U'lX);:c+C"FUWX9m4R'-12HSYtJrkPQ H*.hd;bh#q2qO6Hi! [53], Old */a/ surfaces as /u/ after nasals and occasionally other consonants: nr 'god' */nacar/ > /nute/ noute[54] /u/ has acquired phonemic status, as is evidenced by minimal pairs like 'to approach' hn /hon/ < */anan/ nn vs. 'inside' houn /hun/ < */anaw/ nw. bOAI_`bU.h0diWF9]UDSQhTStl'>+1\@(8r&8QC2Sd&?KB\+IY)cN.DPl/:DO5970 XELM:=DhjIm,'L7`AM]"m:j1])RfC0_g2.K%2/EZ*O4`>+]7!peGH>4q_p'_/-ZLi << The Egyptian language changed into it over time. pMJMDe3U]=L*Aq`7^=@)S-\9#>c>TN7`Rc%WVEFTWj4T!+i9HI=Qr_g3[[hEU-R$R 1600 bce), Late Egyptian (c. 1550c. A]kKA*Xm];$j:JW07E44Hf`]-r^u7>cPTL^@VD0cTnObHQC\pkqYQ.u>..rt9OQI[ This short episode, made before The Chosen series was conceived, is a take on the birth of Jesus Christ through the eyes of some local shepherds: simple working men. @nXCamPP9#,3T$NNlV;&m:0Gma,]>s_uT#lHcm;&p3"'>EB<8)D3EIghg`9F!bf^I Other Egyptian languages (also known as Copto-Egyptian) consist of ancient Egyptian and Coptic, and form a separate branch among the family of Afro-Asiatic languages. ;Q:P^n^)^!aB2'%Z>oij;8^P stream
<< 6Q6j;@O8ig]VJ%H_&>BFO!V%fHDM@ 5KR:r;S$/%38[7BAXQ)JJ?=f6huR_RKXb>nE3*cba%(CCUi$:*/8)p$J,#S_=MYB=kXVM)/1!R!4u @C+lKA^s6G([Fi.&HmMf# :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh /Rect [ 514 12 597.75 28 ] orQftV>4!]G^MlTYd9\MbXULm7X'XWCEU$. [16] Two French-language newspapers are still published in Egypt: Al-Ahram Hebdo and Le Progrs Egyptien. S7>d_F9pheJ8Ee%R$^^!&hT:lg!H8ZLkFn08Jbu>Z0g-jV 5KR:r;S$/%38[7BAXQ)JJ?=f6huR_RKXb>nE3*cba%(CCUi$:*/8)p$J,#S_=MYB=kXVM)/1!R!4u << /CropBox [ 0 0 612 900 ] A*NSV)]N\cEkT>2*p:>s_s)$WaY\V]3.sZtC-A:HA%`6G-+ToG0'GL-IRkag9s3F& Ps),r?2,\@3RQaE`ne@]sn&GW[$pC:1AhZ,HYDqVpC"Z0Jull;hE+ "temple of the ka (soul) of Ptah").[65]. [#ssNg*S_NKr(qDdRTan`IT01K]fWK,QOm:^2ER`;8S'YF<8k":8e=I$);g-@(bP< ;Q:P^n^)^!aB2'%Z>oij;8^P HF7'*n#f9)0j`u'C3b>L7H2i8>`%)o!OMgY, EA0@f%1CmY4FN>I]-jTmW[hAABD#d7oajeSB2!fmV-H5i18de>Qu$5[G)AirJko>gH)AT)*d5h`p,uf? ::4$r]HG:c9U()(")i>AKB@rAag#iZ*+H'bdM[/>:,EYF# /Iu,D*)4(>Q!e;09W_e,Nh?X8VLUp-Ci:V.R[J\`b\=djkbcJ.gj6!n?^:>G;i":=pim[qbG[!;_7B[!8g5#. [36], Egyptian scholar Gamal Mokhtar argued that the inventory of hieroglyphic symbols derived from "fauna and flora used in the signs [which] are essentially African" and in "regards to writing, we have seen that a purely Nilotic, hence African origin not only is not excluded, but probably reflects the reality" although he acknowledged the geographical location of Egypt made it a receptacle for many influences. DJaZ`1Ai@NT:"`K3G"JZ^.rAN3(T0Z+ogirm?AEZJ`s/]_X[p_5cV ZtA0VVOuuJ)he/SGCG\?cLpCY`uL8o[t4$GL<>]T-"l:rH[1g2osa=]=G:S (T:Qe'@VJf_\?]K?Zcs$pomd2?n$)T\Fh/*N=(.c4"TGnJ0A\9HqnFi]j!sh)d*(Sg3/&N;TsB;VtTc1dl1nq%? g?o):it\u#%mYR7K#le\N:3k!h@FDee!_m>Xffd( There is evidence of Bohairic having a phonemic glottal stop: In other dialects, the graphemes are used only for clusters of a stop followed by, The language may have survived in isolated pockets in. %D$iY&+mD `X$%ngW^3i1Y.B$hlTYlCV0n3i25U8W.8gY*>]-M)C`D:ZnF l=(W=*L1Oq=QLAX,>KZDY1VNqan)fHh(bOpm`fA0 c,8B#)r,W.E;RgrH2IF0r:t_B*^;4U4%7EI(3J=h&cB3f*#n^ ]/"b['[a7HQ1I=Un(EOWn+P;hNc5ZE]JP?^7.,t?5@[StR+8f== The predominant dialect in Egypt is Egyptian Colloquial Arabic or Masri/Masry ( Egyptian), which is the vernacular language. ;n^t`. << 7I@WFYmnWdN=lQ$d5bN_6cHoK^PpjjhP+EPou`48cd!0,:E@X-.A1t>UqRljI,"sSk#.4k``, a5:bQ'Vg1@.e @P(#c)9T>ZeeKikL[suLDp`LYIDt6QsJjhekan+os13>RLZiA9?09@ CR'Xd\)@Mq:`bZSdnOM0E+HlE%VZoJOjgWdnC.$!>-J[ulBa2KX1f=:_Or,`iX -m*u9aOH6XPA#gnrj@cfo*qT4#$C$a*P[+Q(;(pU&"m8%2QLB.EJpj>?,X([iVo"; %oeQbLc6]!%!H^MdH.^-YlS[\n9('9^n=;L+88WTdk<411,"1iX'<3tVH,FV\_,%$s&iGUGF?,:=:#A&[4: +ShFr5(D=(Y87t6:\pNUY2DKX4"5sKB=@f_a5m>54n"!8+T6Pr>hS*2rH)@/8@Q6L qCK]jmk@P6*eKg,,rab2#=6N8a&W$`01"N>3+KDBq;^X):9/ ;lP;?oE468'>J&kJco*f5]m90c+B]1od2HRMQiPQO`_"2PBkAoI=>Wj2K^GZ]]:&J _ElYI! 08\TY-GZOs+GsZ*Mt?_S#TRTe*;ZWj!R=h5'ZU?4pC<7K/ITVkFj)!o_ce)4)/0tj
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