Bouassida, M., Ben Ouezdou, M., and Trabelsi, H. (2006). Part of Springer Nature. TABLE 4. The following table gives the swelling potential of soil as low, medium, high and very high from which we can identify the soil as swelling type or not. Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Photo. (1956). expansive soils. The more water they absorb, the more their volume increases. The American Society of Civil Engineers has estimated that as high as one in four houses in the United States has some form of damage caused by expansive soils. Non-consideration of the current oedometer parameters can be thought of as a minor limitation that can be helpful. More regional mapping along with site specific testing is needed to identify potential problem areas. This is because the contact between the granular material particles can be a point, line or surface. Expansive soils can shrink so much after swelling that deep, wide cracks are able to develop after drying and contracting. The gap between those existing approaches appears in the absence of comparison between those methods. Proc. After observed results, the specimen swelling is noticed (Figures 14A,B). Indeed, the mass of sand layer and porous stone is 167.2g and the oedometer ring diameter is 7cm. In: Prashant, A., Sachan, A., Desai, C. (eds) Advances in Computer Methods and Geomechanics . FIGURE 11. Cartographie de l'ala retrait-gonflement des argiles dans le dpartement de l'Ille-et-Vilaine. Swelling Behavior of Soils, in Proceedings of the Golden Jubilee Indian Geotechnical Conference, Kochi, 229232. Characterization of Expansive Clays. Expansive soils generally contain some form of clay mineral that is able to absorb water and swell when wet then shrink when dry. Expansive soils contain minerals such as smectite clays that are capable of absorbing water. Holtz, R. D., Kovacs, W. D., and Sheahan, T. C. (2011). 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. Taki, K., Bhattacharya, P. (2020). Expansive soils alsoshrink, compress when they dry out. This layer plays, first, the role of an absorber of the swelling pressure. The oedometer cell is filled to ensure saturation and to compensate for the amount of absorbed water. Some areas have more expansive soils than others (see map below from Geology.com). These fissures can facilitate the deep penetration of water when moist conditions or runoff occurs. Manigniavy, S. A. "Expandable soils," "expansive clays," "shrink-swell soils," and "heavable soils" are some of the many names used for these materials. Table 1 details those data as determined from oedometer tests preceded by the measurement of the swell pressure. Click to Enlarge. Div. Tiwari, N., Saytam, N., and Patva, J. (1995). (2015). The permeability coefficient of the lime-treated soil is larger than that of the untreated expansive soil under the same compactness; however, for the approximate dry density, the difference of . (2019). Homeowners Insurance and Geologic Hazards. in expansive soil as is illustrated in Fig. He now manages the marketing department and creates everything that you see from us digitally. remains constant. . Eng. Master's thesis (College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University, USA). 2017, 115. While many types of clays expand when they come in contact with water, not all do. Common Methods of Hazardous Waste Disposal The proper management of hazardous waste, including What is an Expansive (Shrink-Swell) Soil? (B) Load distribution by adding a granular layer Sf < Si. University of Khartoum, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference 2019: IGC 2019, Volume 4, This article is part of the Research Topic, https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2022.836277. In this experiment, the clay layer covering the bottom 1cm of the ring thickness, under porous stone and sand layer, is loaded with a total of 0.43kPa. In a typical year in the United States, they cause a greater financial loss to property owners than earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, and tornadoes combined. Influence of Soil Suction on Swelling Pressure of Bentonite-Sand Mixtures. Source: Map courtesy of https://geology.com/articles/soil/. Click to Enlarge. Deflected basement wall: Inward deflection of a basement wall and pilasters. Clay's small particle size draws moisture between particles by capillary action. Less than 50% of these areas are underlain by soils with abundant clays of slight to moderate swelling potential. Bowels, J. E. (1988). J Eng Geol 30:141149, Saeed KA, Kassim KA, Yunus NZ, Nur H (2013) Characterization of hydrated lime-stabilized brown kaolin clay. Expansive soil or clay is considered to be one of the more problematic soils and it causes damage to various civil engineering structures because of its swelling and shrinking potential when it comes into contact with water. Over 50 percent of these areas are underlain by soils with abundant clays of slight to moderate swelling potential. Clay particles are plate-shaped, having a negative charge on their surface in presence of the interstitial water solution and water molecules. Hussain, M., and Dash, S. K. (2011). These volume changes can either in the form of swell or in the form shrinkage. Building Response to ExcavationInduced Settlement. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. The map on this page shows the generalized geographic distribution of soils that are known to have expandable clay minerals which can cause damage to foundations and structures. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Photo. While cut and fill operations are very expensive, there are other solutions that have been developed and tested over time to treat expansive soils. Building damage: Note displaced bricks and inward deflection of foundation. To reduce the swelling pressure, there are many methods proposed such as the use of piles (Kay, 1990; Al-Busoda et al., 2017), chemical treatments (Lahmadi et al., 2013; Mahamedi and Khemissa, 2013) and soil mixture (Gueddouda et al., 2013; Fattah et al., 2017; Tiwari et al., 2019). (Check out our5 Types of Residential Foundations Popular in America: A Brief Foundational Overview. The latter affects the distribution of internal stresses between the soil particles (Kehew, 1995). Other key factors include initial water content, void ratio, plasticity index and density. The map soil categories would not apply for these locations. There are also some sulfate salts Classification of expansive soils based on Cc/Cs ratio and swelling pressure. 88 (3), 5387. Treating fine grained soils with a calcium-based reagent, such as lime, can modify the clay portion of soils and reduce the shrink/swell potential. This shrinkage canremovestructural support from a home or structure and result in damaging subsidence. ( en adjective ) Not expensive; inexpensive. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in J Mater Civil Eng 19(3):242248, Neville AM, Brooks JJ (2004) Concrete technology. Copyright 2022 Bouassida, Manigniavy, Azaiez and Bouassida. J Eng Geol 30:141149, Saeed KA, Kassim KA, Yunus NZ, Nur H (2013) Characterization of hydrated lime-stabilized brown kaolin clay. This article is published in Vadose Zone Journal.The article was published on 2017-11-01. doi:10.1080/19648189.2017.1320236. This repetitious cycle of swelling and shrinkage puts serious stress on your homes foundation causing eitherfoundation settlementorfoundation heave both will get worse over time. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) describes the non-malignant enlargement of the prostate. This method is fundamen-tally similar to the Tuller and Or (2005) method that is considered to be applicable for soils with SSA < 200 m2=g(Tuller and Or 2005). In: Proceedings of 6th regional conference Africa on Soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Durban, South Africa, Osinubi KJ, Katte VY (1997) Effect of elapsed time after mixing on grain size and plasticity characteristic, I: soil-lime mixe. (1994). Expansive soils are among the top natural hazards and phenomena such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and tornadoes (Chen, 1975). Eng. By referring to Sridharan and Prakash (2016), this specimen has low activity and a low probability to swell. Expansive soils contain minerals, such assmectite clays, that are prone to absorb copious amounts of moisture. Determination of liquid and plastic limit (second revision), IS: 2720 (Part 26)-1987. Chemical treatment of expansive clays and improvement solutions, like using granular material, were proposed (Gueddouda et al., 2013; Fattah et al., 2017, etc.). doi:10.1007/s41062-016-0043-6, Mostafiz, R. B., Friedland, C. J., Rohli, R. V., Bushra, N., and Held, C. L. (2021). To take full and optimal advantage of the ideal Smart Cities, improvements are required to mitigate or adapt to this type of soil. As adjectives the difference between extensive and expansive. The plasticity chart in Figure 6 reveals that data collected for non-swelling clays are located in the low plasticity zone. Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India, Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India, You can also search for this author in The second factor overcoming the swelling behaviour is the migration of cations. Disturbed clay sample, S1 sample. Expansive soils are having inherent property of shrinking when it is dried and swelling when water is absorbed. BRGM/RP-58120-FR, page 17. These areas are underlain by soils with little to no clays with swelling potential. From current oedometer test results carried out on expansive and non-expansive clays, the ratio of compression index (Cc) by the swelling index (Cs) was determined. Then, the specimen settlement started. Expansive soil is a soil/clay (such as montmorillonite or bentonite) that is prone to expansion or shrinkage due directly to variation in water volume. 2nd Edition. Particle size analysis is an important early assessment in the soil classification process. A&M, Texas, 152171. Chemical Treatment of Expansive Soil by Different saline Solutions, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering ICGE13, Tunisia, 341349. Each time, the swelling evolution attains a plateau corresponding to the end of swelling. The best way to conclude if soil is expansive is through site specific laboratory testing. Less than 50 percent of these areas are underlain by soils with abundant clays of slight to moderate swelling potential. expansive soil layers. Remediating Expansive (Shrink-Swell) Soils. This article first introduces a new method of characterization of expansive clays after oedometer test results performed on intact saturated clay specimens. The map is meant to show general trends in the geographic distribution of ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 24(6):707714, Yadu L, Tripathi RK, Singh D (2011) Comparison of fly ash and rice husk ash stabilized black cotton soil. Front. - 45.55.186.116. It is useful for learning areas where expansive soils underlie a significant TABLE 2. Swelling or expansive clays increase in volume, while loessial collapsing soils decrease in volume when theirmoisture content increases under constant applied stress. However, that large-scale view is not very useful for individual construction projects. The more water they absorb, the more their volume increases. The research results indicate that the soil in Gedebage is expansive soil that has very high swelling properties with a Plasticity Index (PI) value of 48.09%. Less than 50 percent of these areas are underlain by soils with clays of high swelling potential. The main issue is to find out how to mitigate the swelling phenomenon to build foundations, retaining structures in contact with expansive soils. Foundation Engineering for Expansive Soils. (B) Case 2 specimen. X-ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscope tests were carried out to study the mineralogical and microstructural properties of the soil. The latter affects the distribution of internal stresses between the soil particles ( Kehew, 1995 ). J Mater Civil Eng 19(3):242248, Neville AM, Brooks JJ (2004) Concrete technology. The compacted sand layer acts as a shock absorber to reduce the swelling pressure effect of the soil. *Correspondence: Mounir Bouassida, mounir.bouassida@enit.utm.tn, Characterization of expansive soils and mitigation of swelling phenomena, View all However, a number of clay minerals are expansive. This swelling and shrinking is directly related to changes in the water table. The merit of the suggested approach is to consider the soil parameters of current use, as determined by the oedometer tests, without consideration of the free-swell test result. One laboratory test to measure the expansion potential of soil is ASTM D 4829. Without precautions, canals can be destroyed by foundations built on expansive clays (Elarabi, 2010). Therefore, the suggested method of classification is applicable both for expansive and non-expansive soils. This is more thantwicethe damage from floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, and earthquakescombined. Lahmadi, A., Titoum, M., and Bakir, N. (2013). The plumb-bob reveals 9 inches of inward displacement. Expansive clay is a clay soil that is prone to large volume changes (swelling and shrinking) that are directly related to changes in water content. T. Am. The properties for the two types of soils have been given in Table 1. Compared to multi-story structures, low rise buildings such as houses, some office buildings or apartment complexes are especially at risk because they do not weigh very much compared to the relatively large area they can cover. This case, illustrated in Figures 13A,B, 1cm of the oedometer ring thickness is filled with expansive soil S1 and 0.9cm remaining with compacted sand (Sand = 1.806g/cm3; wiSand = 5%; 1mm < D 1.250mm). (reaffirmed 1987). (A) Free swellTime curve of case 1 (only expansive clay) under 0.25kPa. Expansive soils are present throughout the world and are known in every US state. 978-1-118-41799-7. Unexpensive adjective. Hence, finding methods to characterize this category of soil is crucial. structure (mircopores within soil peds and macropores between the soil peds) and (ii) soil state (void ratio and degree of saturation). 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. Taki, K., Bhattacharya, P. (2020). J Eng Geol 17(27):139140, Fattah MY, Rahil FH, Al-Soudany KYH (2013) Improvement of clayey soil using rice husk ash. Since 1994 Mintek Resources, Inc. has provided solutions to the Environmental, Construction, Agricultural, Oil & Gas, Waste Water Treatment, Industrial markets & more. This process can be automated by a timer, or using a soil moisture sensor controller. When a soil contains a large amount of expansive minerals, it has the potential of significant expansion. 2.2 Testing Procedure. The mitigation solution reduced the swelling effect by placing a compacted granular layer as an interface between the expansive clay and the foundation. Figure 2B shows the effect of cation size on cation migration into an interparticle. Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Department of Transportation. Engineering Properties of an Expansive Soil, in Proceeding of the 18th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris, 199202. Building and Road Research Institute. Experimental Study on the Swelling Behavior of Expansive Soil Reinforced with Coir Geotextile, in Proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference 2019: IGC 2019, Volume 4. doi:10.1007/978-981-33-6564_11. Mahamedi, A., and Khemissa, M. (2013). In addition, these recommendations often include removal of the expansive soils, importation of non-expansive soils, soil chemical treatments, a post-tensioned or structural floor foundation, gutters, and downspouts. Expandable soils are referred to by many names. In: Proceedings of 6th regional conference Africa on Soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Durban, South Africa, Osinubi KJ, Katte VY (1997) Effect of elapsed time after mixing on grain size and plasticity characteristic, I: soil-lime mixe. During the unloading phase, comparison between Figures 7A,B indicate that the increase in thickness of the expansive soil specimen is not only attributed to the release of vertical stress, the second fact is attributed to the swell induced by the infiltrated water within the soil specimen. PubMedGoogle Scholar. A threshold value of the ratio Cc/Cs was identified to distinguish between expansive clay specimens and non-expansive clay specimens. The interpretation of the results and main findings are addressed in the final section. The article focuses on the topic(s): Expansive clay. The relation of . Not all soils expand when wet but a number of fine grained clay minerals possess expansive qualities. Every year they cause billions of dollars in damage. Financial Support from IIT Kharagpur is gratefully acknowledged. The swelling phenomenon attracted several investigators, first, to explain how it can occur (Sridharan and Prakash, 2016). In turn, when Cc/Cs ratio is lower than 8 one can identify expansive soils for which the swell pressure is in the range of 75400kPa. This property is commonly referred to as shrink-swell potential. of expansive soils can be found in all of the soil categories shown on this that will expand with changes in temperature. The more of these minerals that are present, the greater the possibility of expansion when moisture is introduced. On the presumed expansive clays specimens, oedometer tests are preceded by the free swelling test from which the swelling pressure is measured.

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