Population of the country . 2. There are three major tribes in Nigeria namely Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba. The Evolution, Development and Practice of Federalism in Nigeria Charas Madu Tella, Ahmed Wali Doho, Aliyu Bapeto Abstract Federalism is a political philosophy in which members of a group are. Another major reason why federalism was adopted in Nigeria is the multiple ethnic backgrounds in Nigeria. In a Unitary system, the minority states cannot govern the entire region which is controlled by majority. What a nice article, very educative for students in school, Could you please explain fear of minorities, Could you please explain fear of minorities, Economic factors and Diversities in culture. The constitution emphasized areas of authority between the central government and the regions. w !1AQaq"2B #3Rbr It is believed by many that this was one of the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federalist system. The Babangida administration followed the same step and created 21 states and more local governments. In the words of Richards, regionalism was introduced to strengthen unity in diversity. It was under the 1954 constitution that federal system of government was fully adopted. The British in their quest for economic wealth and geo-political edges over other Europeans in Africa made Nigeria the largest British colony in Africa. Federalism was implemented in Nigeria as way back as 1946 during the British colonial era. So majority if not all of them were in favor of a federalist system of governance. >> In Nigeria, it could be argued that our federal system of government is the creation of British colonialism. We appreciate you. 2. %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz Moreover, Voter Turnout, Voting Behavior and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria By Professor Sakah Saidu Mahmud Kwara State University, Malete 1. By every political barometer, this is a thought-provoking account of the Nigeria-Biafra political imbroglio. Under this type, there exist a balkanization of formerly unitary state near disintegration and its diversities which progress to a state. federalism, a heavily coercive effort by a nondemocratic centralizing power to put together a multinational state, some of the components of which had previously been independent states. Regrettably, this system is founded on a militarily-conceived constitution lacking a fully enforceable bill of rights and clear governmental functions. Critically, after that train, every other train went to Nigeria from Nigeria, indicating the enormity of the wall of enmity demarcating Nigeria from the sovereign State of Biafra. Asst. /F5 18 0 R What are the reasons Nigeria adopted the Federalism system of government in Nigeria? 7 Topics . Notwithstanding the above reasons for the adoption of Nigerian federalism, we can also mention some specific factors peculiar to Nigeria. Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. 2012, Issues and Trends in Nigeria's Development. The fact that these nations chose to adopt a federal system does not prove anything; it does, however, suggest that federalism may help these countries manage the problems that come with ethnic . The construct of federalism, which originates with the concept of intergovernmental relations, dates back to the Greek civilization. Federalism can be defined as a system of government in which political powers of the state are shared between the central government and other component units. This notwithstanding, the concept of federalism boasts of a very popular definition by an American scholar, K.C. Nigeria's founding fathers desired a federal political framework, believing that federal states have the structural capacity to accommodate diversity. Federalism in India. /Type /XObject Federalism is a method of segregating powers so that the central and local governments are each within a domain, harmonizing and autonomous. For this alone, one thinks in consonance with the conviction of dominant scholarship, that such clustering and bundling of diverse identities in an amalgamative sense, in the case of Nigeria, is too, an irreconcilable British experimentalism of the federal principle. Required fields are marked *. Another cogent reason for federalism in Nigeria is the fear of marginalization. Federalism as a system of government has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. government and the governed by enhancing political cohesion in such country with regional, ethic, racial, linguistic and cultural diversity like Nigeria. This post will give you some insight into why federalism was adopted as the system of governance in Nigeria. << Naturally, federal system of government has some distinctive features namely: 1. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation Prior to independence, it is believed that the British adopted federalism because it favored their interest. This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of @VF:8=|@5&/1df gbjtCoy(L5A,JCI1/'5DT8`A!UY*&wTN5[v;KXvH* 5:>}W^Bp_ ;R!&L %s\q'(], The unity here is brought about by the desire of the component units of the federation to form union in respect of some matters. /Filter /DCTDecode According to Ayoade (2009:iii): Nigerians have come to identify the first republic 1960- 66 as the golden age of federalism in Nigeria. Have you ever wondered why Nigeria is practicing a federal system of government and not any other system? So for effective governance of a country of this big size, federalism has to be adopted. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. POL 124 MAIN CONTENT Mar 21, 2011 NEW (1), Resource Control, Federalism and Peace in the Niger Delta: A Reflection on Nigeria at Fifty, Federalism and Revenue Allocation in Nigeria: A Critical Evaluation of the Derivation Principle, Legal Framework for Fiscal Federalism: Issues and Options for Reform, RESOURCE CONTROL, REVENUE ALLOCATION AND PETROLEUM POLITICS IN NIGERIA: THE NIGER DELTA QUESTION, Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in Nigeria's Fourth Republic: Issues and Challenges, The Nigerian State and the Quest for Restructuring: Implications for Democratic Consolidation, Federalism, Democracy and Constitutionalism: The Nigerian Experience. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. In 1954, the Nigerian founding fathers opted for a federal system of government despite its inherent challenges in a pluralistic society. Samuel is bent on changing the legal profession by building Web and Mobile Apps that will make legal research a lot easier. This has nexus with the particular sharing formula adopted. Federalism is a defined or is said to be the system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere coordinate and are independent. Prof. Jan Robert Go of the Department of Political Science, UP Diliman. With the total area of 923,768 km, Nigeria can not justifiably be administered by a lone leviathan from the top. Nigeria did not choose federal system of government because it is the best or most practiced system of government in the world. He rejects the assertion that The post war efforts for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of the Igbo secessionist into the post-civil war Nigeria through the (3Rs) policy of rehabilitation, reconstruction and reconciliation (the 3Rs) to promote national unity and nationalism have failed to yield desire result. In 1963 Midwestern region was created and Nigeria became a nation of four regions. CLICK HERE To Pay With Debit Card ($15) GHANA - Make Payment of 80 GHS to MTN MoMo, 0553978005, Douglas Osabutey. Federalism in Nigeria. /F6 21 0 R In Nigerian democracy, there is a federalist system of government. Pls visit us again dear reader. Parliamentary and Unitary system of government were in operation in Nigeria between 1914 and 1946. Further Philosophical Issues 4.1 Sovereignty or federalism 4.2 Issues of Constitutional and Institutional Design 4.3 Sources of Stability 4.4 Division of Power 4.5 Distributive Justice It came about following the necessity for administrative convenience and managerial expenses. The Complete Material Will Be Sent To Your . This type of government is also known as a "federation" or a "federal state" in common parlance (eg., United States of America). 3. Therefore, striking an acceptable delicate balance between these two divides, has, time and again, become a well known problematic world over. Nigeria can be said to be operating the federal system of government, whereas in actual practice, the country is tending towards a unitary system. Over the years the fiscal federalism in Nigeria has crystallised and remained . Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. Take for example, in the Nigerian case of Attorney General of Federation v Attorney General of Abia and others (2002) 3 NCLR 1ar p 54, the issue of resource control in a true federalism was the bone of contention in that matter. Historical experience 3.2 2. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Generally speaking, one of the reasons for federalism is common historical or ancestral background. REASONS FOR ADOPTION OF FEDERALISM According to IDEA (2015:3), federalism is adoption for the following reasons: Scale: This credited the operation of federalism to the adoption of democracy which allowed for citizens to participate directly in political life. Keep it up , Yes , I love it and I was sentitize on those reasons. These crises flow from issues such as fiscal federalism, corruption, credible elections, tribal politics, ethno-religious conflicts, and disdain for the rule of law. June 1,2022 Very often, the problem has appeared in twofold. As a result, issues relating to marginalization, economic imbalance, social alienation, ethnic suspicion and superior-subordination contestation are recurring malaises in the system. The history of Ijaw, Edo, Igala, Yoruba, Igbo, Nupe and Hausa Kingdoms are enriched with social-political relationships that existed before the emergence of the white man. $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] The origin of federalism in Nigeria can be traced to the colonial era. *$( %2%(,-/0/#484.7*./. C Each document posted on the site includes a link to the corresponding official PDF file on govinfo.gov. This particular corroborated federalism in Nigeria. << The USSR was an example of this type of federalism. In examining post-independence constitution-making in Nigeria, this chapter finds that military rule blighted Nigerias capacity to respond appropriately to the challenges of federalism. However, that is not so in a federal government system. 1. For citation see: http://www.cejiss.org/issue-detail/biafra-s-resurgence-state-failure-insecurity-and-separatist-agitations-in-nigeria. What were the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? V(B8eDK@sx AK hG~ u;6DV,pwP# _ O4C sR 8_yC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ But besides these three major tribes, there are over 350 other smaller tribes with diverse languages and dialects. The benefits of federalism are that it can encourage political participation, give states an incentive to engage in policy innovation, and accommodate diverse viewpoints across the country. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. The contradictions generated by this rigional arrangement threatened Nigeria unity. First, how to properly place peoples, better still - indigenes and ethnic groupings, in their relevant socio-economic categories; that is, in line with the oil windfalls. The fear of marginalization by the minority in a unitary system of government has, to a great extent, influenced the majority state support for federating states. There must exist supremacy of the constitution, which implies that laws passed by the authority in the federal arrangement, if contrary to the constitution shall be declared to be ultra votes. But nigeria today became the proudable and bearable country, In Nigeria, the main reason for the adoption of a federal arrangement was the sociological complexity of the society, its ethnic and geographical diversity. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. It is our pleasure. It also shows the growth rate as an engine to the development of economies of developing countries like Nigeria in this 21p century. The intimidating size of Nigeria does not only earn her an international respect but also provides her with a buffer to attacks by rogue nations and disgruntled neighbours. 3l:rmO"XDhG%2| In the first place, therefore, the contemplation of a federal pact is one of an overwhelming outcome of the emphatic need to handle the above concerns acceptably. 7. and Democracy in Nigeria, ISSUES IN NIGERIAN FISCAL FEDERALISM; THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRINCIPLE OF DERIVATION AND RESOURCE CONTROL. You are welcome dear reader. Federalism shares power between the central and regional governments; thus promoting efficiency in service delivery and governance. Unity of the country: 3.3 3. Adobe d C Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. This marginalization is evinced by untold hardships such as poverty, lack of infrastructure for health care and education, and generally impaired wellbeing. A large body of literature exists on Nigeria's fiscal federalism particularly with reference to revenue allocation. It is important to also reason that small states are prone to domination and sometimes control by the big ones. reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria pdf. In 1939 sir Bernard Bourdillion made a serious constitutional proposal which concluded having regional councils with a central council in Lagos. is one of the devices built into the federal constitution of Nigeria as a means of achieving unity in diversity. Be the first to get hottest news from our Editor-in-Chief, Check your email and confirm your subscription. The USA and Canada were formed with the above interest at heart. This paper recommends that there should be an overhaul of the political system through constitutional amendment process to expunge provisions that negate federalism and provide for implementation of true federalism. Abacha regime, added more states making Nigeria a federation of 36 states and Federal capital Territory at Abuja. This allows the central or federal government to share governmental powers between the central or federal government and the components regions, state, etc. Send the Following Details on WhatsApp ( 08143831497) After Payment. THE THEME OF IMAGERY AND SYMBOLISM IN THE IPOB SECESSIONIST STRUGGLE, Abdul's Assignment on 711 Dr. Usman Mohammed, A nation divided against itself: Biafra and the conflicting online protest discourses, Ethnicity, Political Exclusion and the Resurgence of Separatism in South-Eastern, Nigeria, Hands Behind their backs: Making a case for a region-centred restructuring framework, THE EFFECT OF CRIMINAL INJUSTICE AGAINST EASTERN NIGERIA AND THE DEMAND FOR SELF-DETERMINATION BY IPOB. Nigeria as a result was divided into three provinces. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. In many countries of the world, federalism has emerged as a means of accommodating the growing desire of people to preserve or revive the intimacy of small societies and the growing necessity for larger combinations to mobilize the utilization of common resources. READ ALSO: History of democracy in Nigeria from 1960. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. Not minding the general relevance of these coinages, an arduous task lies in properly assessing their specific impacts in a given political enclave. The Legacy of Biafra: An Investigation into trauma as National Identity Fragmentation, Under Reconstruction: Ethnicity, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Future of the Nigerian State, ETHNIC SCHISM IN NIGERIA: A SOCIO-LITERAY STUDY OF CHINUA ACHEBE'S THERE WAS COUNTRY. Below are the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federal system of government: The major reason for the adoption of federal system of government in Nigeria is borne out of the historical experience that brought all the ethical groups together under one Nigeria. REVENUE ALLOCATION IN NIGERIA: NEED FOR REFORM? The current problems facing the Nigeria government and the Biafra separatist agitators originate in the causes and the effects of the Nigerian Civil war (06 July 1967-15 January 1970). That is often the reason why some adherents of Marx quarrel vehemently about such preordained classification such as: haves and have-nots; and the liberal minds grappling with, insisting not only that all hands are not equal, but that they must never, for whatsoever reason at all, be made equal - believing that that would tantamount to the highest injustice. Despite that, instead of unity, cooperation and consensus, there has been apparent division, disagreement, and dissension. The proximity of the tongues and tribes in Nigeria made it possible for the adoption of federalism in the country. Matters, enumerated in the exclusive list are selected for the federal authority, while matters that fall within the concurrent list are selected for the federal government, and the regions. 6 0 obj we are proud to nigeria our inherited country,god bless nigeria. In federalism, there is accountability, there is transparency. Introduction In a statement on the 2015 Nigerian General Elections the Freedom House (2015a) congratulated Nigerians for an election that appears to be one of the smoothest and least violent in Nigeria's Nigeria has been dubbed as a product of British colonial suturing. /Parent 2 0 R Federalism was further adopted because the developed countries from which Nigeria borrowed democracy practice federalism. Federalism did not return to Nigeria until after his death. Secondly, are these groups well pleased, or do they at least accept such manipulative placements? Federalism in Nigeria can be traced to Sir Frederick Lord Lugard, when the Northern and Southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914. } !1AQa"q2#BR$3br Pillars of democracy: 7 Essential pillars of democracy. There are Benin and Togo in between Ghana and Nigeria, two of the former British African colonies. Such an act has constituted to one of the major problems of federalism thereby militating against the development of the nation. British North American colonies unite 3 Up to 1867, the colonies 4 of British North America had no political or geographical links. The availability of resources in a particular region and the need for that area to control the resources has also been seen as a reason for a federal system in Nigeria. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Another important factor that necessitated federalism in Nigeria was the political culture of the country. Bashar Abubakar Bukkuyum This is good 'nd thank you Blogger. As at the time of independence, the population of Nigeria was estimated at 45.21 million. Abstract One of the arguments for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the desire for economic and political viability and development in a nation of uneven distribution of human and. 33 The Marriage Act, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990, sec 18 specifically stipulates: "If either party to an intended marriage, not being a Consent widower or widow, is under twenty-one years of age, the written consent of the father, or if he be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the mother, or if both be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the . Instead of designing a government that should unite the different elements in Nigeria, the colonialists fully adopted federal stem of government in 1954 and created greater regional autonomy. Government at different periods had set up commissions to advise on the acceptable revenue sharing formula, especially as it affects the three (3) tiers of government. By way of conclusion, it is imperative to know that the reason why Nigeria is still practicing federalism today is because the system seems to be suitable for our political value and culture. Death of a nation - Biafra and the Nigerian question.pdf, The politics and problem of fiscal federalism and revenue allocation formula in Nigeria: Who should get what, how, when and why, Resource Control: a Necessary Element for True Federalism in Nigeria, THE IMPACT OF STATE JOINT LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACCOUNT ON STATE LOCAL RELATIONS IN SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA, MEMORANDUM ON TRUE FEDERALISM SUBMITTED BY THE 'RESTRUCTURE NIGERIA' COMMUNITY AS A RESPONSE TO THE APC COMMITTEE CALL ON TRUE FEDERALISM, THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES The Legal Framework for the Corporate Existence of Nigeria, Intricacies and paradoxes federalism and secessionism in Nigeria.pdf, Civic Education Curriculum Implementation, NIGERIAN FEDERALISM AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: PURSUIT, PROSPECTS AND IMPEDIMENTS TO UNITY AND NATION BUILDING, Constitutions Making, Amendments, Reviews and Nigerias Political Development: This is why there is a clamoring for restructuring and true federalism in Nigeria. It concluded that the interplay of these variables leads to the degeneration of the national question and. i dont have my first school leaving certificate. Minority Issues and the Creation of State | Week 10. This embodies ideas of promise, obligation, and undertaking; and consequently, the federal idea draws on collaboration, reciprocity, and mutuality. Federalism, State creation and National Integration State creation like federal character, quota system, etc. Nigeria. Present Nigeria was formed by the amalgamation of two regions which many see as a big influence in why federalism was later adopted by the British and later on by Nigerian leaders as at the time of independence. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Check your inbox to be the first to know the hottest news. Over the years, it is quite obvious that Nigeria is one of the few countries that adopted federal system of Government in Africa, a system that envisages autonomy for every sect of its authorities (federal, state and local government respectively). It allows for popular participation in politics at every level of government. It is also an undisputed fact that the Hausas and Yorubas fought Biafra to keep the unity of Nigeria. Evidently, Nigerias political culture was federalism friendly and that gave rise to easy adoption of federalism. Promoters of the idea were of the view that the Defence, Security, Economy and Development, Chigozirim Odinkalu, Ebenebe Ernest Onyeka, Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies (eJECS), International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences(IJRESS), Glocalism: Journal of Culture, Politics and Innovation, African Journal of Governance and Development, Calabar Journal of Politics and Administration. Also, Read: Bad Leadership Causes, Effects And Solutions In Nigeria. was federalism friendly and that gave rise to easy adoption of . /BitsPerComponent 8 Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. The states were later increased to 30 states. Excellent, thanks a lot f To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. /Subtype /Image Consequently, the economic condition was one of the reasons that led to the adoption of federal systems of government in both Nigeria and South Africa. This helped to solve the problem of marginalization in the leadership. Manages And Maintains And Secures Nigeria. One of the major reasons why countries choose federalism is because of size. History of federal system of government in nigeria. Meaningful studies, especially the comparative study of Vile, have significantly shown that emerging challenges of conflict, cooperation and competition amongst levels of government in classical federalist states such as U.S., Canada and Australia, are important rationales for federating as well as the hallmarks of federal government (Vile, cited in Jinadu, 1979). The constitution must be rigid to avoid frequent and unnecessary changes. /F1 6 0 R 1 Issue 2, BETWEEN THE PRISMS OF NECESSITY AND LEGALITY - THE IPOB PROSCRIPTION IN CONTESTATION_pp.43-57, RE-THINKING BIAFRA IDEOLOGY OF SELF-DETERMINATION IN NIGERIA, A (UN)JUST AND (UN)HOLY WAR? Dual federalism was dominant from the 1790s until the 1930s. In other not to control only some parts of the big country, Nigeria, the colonial masters thought it wise to divide the country into different component units that will be represented in the government. The disadvantages are that it can set off a race to the bottom among states, cause cross-state economic and social disparities, and obstruct federal efforts . Your email address will not be published. Full History of Nigerian Federalism. % It was believed that federal system of government would take care of the interest of the minority and human rights that had been the fear of the minority under colonial rule. /Font << 3 0 obj The Plural nature of Nigeria. The fear of ethnic groups overlapping regional boundaries and the loyalties of castes cutting of some extent across provincial political boundaries also encourage some groups to support wider federal unions. From the above explanation, one can rightly say that the constitution of Nigeria and United States of America are federal constitutions while the constitution of France and the Republic of Ireland are Unitary constitutions. There are other political systems the country could have adopted but because of some reasons which I am going to share with you today, federalism seemed to be the best idea. The advanced economies where Nigeria had borrowed leaves from, such as USA practice federalism. examines the question on why federalism has not succeeded in managing and accommodating diversity in Nigeria. Federalism was basically introduced to bring about peace and unity in the different regions of the country. Federalism will shape the long-term health and economic impacts of COVID-19, including plans for the future, for at least two reasons: First, federalism exacerbates inequities, as some states have a history of underinvesting in social programs, especially in certain communities.

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