On April 30, 2016, the petty cash fund contained vouchers totaling$171.40 plus $26.10 of currency. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.). Psychology. Social trap where 2 prisoners are separated and have to consider the impacts of cooperating with their partner or competing to get the first confession. Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. Intergroup bias. Brewer, M. B., & Brown, R. J. People have always and still do openly dehumanize outgroup members and harbor hostile attitudes toward them. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. As the world becomes more interconnectedmore collaborations between countries, more intermarrying between different groupsmore and more people are encountering greater diversity of others in everyday life. Today, many nations have equality clearly articulated in their constitutions. This illustrates, Adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called, Research participants believed that the Ash conformity test involved a study of, Alex thinks smoking is addictive but other players on his hockey team insist that it's not. Both believe that the members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of any other party. For instance, the constitution of the United States attempted to ensure that all people were represented by the government and could participate in the creation of government. model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components. Comparisons of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of ________ on aggression. Dispositional (Internal) Attribution Theory. "Us"people with whom we share a common identity. d. neural influences contribute to aggressive behavior in men but not in women. ethnocentrism.d. credibility. The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. What entry (debit or credit) does the recipient record? Distinguish prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination. This best illustrates: Developed Social Learning Theory, where children learn through watching AND imitating actions. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The jury . People who score higher on the scale show more ingroup favoritism in comparison with those who score lower on it (Stangor & Thompson, 2002). A confirmation bias is cognitive bias that favors information that confirms your previously existing beliefs or biases. B) the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior. You are Black, and you have difficulty recognizing the White customers who were in your store during a robbery. 6. C) a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias: just-world phenomenon just-world phenomenon B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. a motivation to have one's group dominate other social groups. Early. The tendency of people to believe that one gets what one deserves and deserves what one gets is called: In Harber's (1998) study, poorly written essays received high ratings if participants were led to believe they were written by Black students rather than White students. This behavior is best explained in terms of: Your textbook defines _____ as a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. d. vivid cases. Similarly, Ecuador guarantees the fundamental right to sexual orientation and gender identity. He is disheartened and feels frustrated but is unable to question his manager. . A) Having a limited, narrow, or self-centered perspective. The IAT measures how quickly you can sort words or pictures into different categories. When people would like a certain idea or concept to be true, they end up believing it to be true. b. physical attractiveness. Or even ageist people who feel fond of older adults but, at the same time, view them as incompetent to support themselves and worry about the burden they place on public welfare programs. For example, the ingroup in most societies is the average citizen, seen as warm and competent. This shows that: The "we" aspect of our self-concept is what social psychologists call: people's motivation to avoid prejudice is internal. For example, the interviewer might hold a negative view of women and, without even realizing it, act distant and withdrawn while interviewing the female candidate. The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group: Term. What groups illustrate ambivalent biases, seemingly competent but cold, or warm but incompetent? With this preferential perspective for ones own group, people are not punishing the other one so much as neglecting it in favor of their own. Situational (External) Attribution Theory. where all constants are positive, a(0,1)a \in(0,1)a(0,1). According to Gallup's polling . Which of the following is true of violent male criminals? Another case in which people judge other members of the ingroup very negatively occurs when a member of one's own group behaves in a . Two months before the 2018 midterms, President Trump had a 40% job approval rating. HLT 1353. chapter_12_answers - CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. Ingroup favoritismthe tendency to favor members of one's own group over those in other groupsis well documented, but the mechanisms driving this behavior are not well understood. divided her class into blue eyes and brown eyes to teach her kids about discrimination. "teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to severe stress. 2. an inclination, bent, or predisposition to something. A tendency to favor one's own group is called: been more racially prejudiced than others. Groupthink: . Identities are not so simple, but maybe as the 21st century unfurls, we will recognize each other by the content of our individual character instead of against the backdrop of stereotypes. Research on gender attitudes conducted by Alice Eagly and her associates (1991) and Geoffrey Haddock and Mark Zanna (1994) suggests: Greenwald and his colleagues (2003) asked both Black and White participants to press a "shoot" button when the target appeared to be holding a gun rather than a harmless object such as a flashlight. Armstrong Publishing had 25% of its sales in mysteries, 10% in biographies, 15% in cookbooks, 15% in romance novels, 20% in science, and the rest in business books. 30. These two simple dimensionswarmth and competencetogether map how groups relate to each other in society. Next, categorization can also lead to prejudice. Do you or someone you know believe that group hierarchies are inevitable? Explaining behaviors based on outside factors influencing and individual. It might be easy to dismiss the IAT findings of the all-too-human tendency toward faster, more favorable processing of ones own group. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. An example of the fundamental attribution error is illustrated in our tendency to underestimate the extent to which others' behavior is influenced by: Politicians who publicly oppose a tax increase that they privately favor best illustrate that, That actions may sometimes be inconsistent with attitudes, The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by, The set of prescribed behaviors associated with a particular social position is best described as, Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. The phrase "not in my backyard," shortened to "NIMBY," seems to have appeared first in the mid-1970s. Sun Microsystems uses the accrual basis of accounting and recognizes revenue at the time it sells goods or renders services. What term best describes Elena's behavior? b. the just-world phenomenon. We also want to know whether the members of the group are competent enough to act on their good or ill intentions. Take the IAT. A specific case of comfort with the ingroup is called aversive racism, so-called because people do not like to admit their own racial biases to themselves or others (Dovidio & Gaertner, 2010). The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognition) are inconsistent. C) more readily comply with a large request if they previously complied with a small request. As a result, outgroup disliking stems from this in-group liking (Brewer & Brown, 1998). This way of perceiving and making . a. ingroup bias. triangular theory of love. They are Canadian, or fans of Manchester United, or are doctors. We might feel affinity toward people from our home town, a connection with those who attend our university, or commiserate with the experience of people who share our gender identity, religion, or ethnicity. . Ethnocentrism is the term that denotes this kind of behavior. . People naturally create mental categories. Also called the cross- race effect and the own- race bias. a personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status . School California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Course Title PSYC 3500; Uploaded By staceymartinez1224. According to Lyons et al. This activity was created by a Quia Web subscriber. a. Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive. This experiment best illustrated the impact of, The discomfort we feel when 2 thoughts are inconsistent is called, Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as the, We tend to feel cheerful around happy people and sad around depressed people. Blatant bias is not a thing of the past, however. An increase in ________ has been followed by more positive attitudes between South African Whites and Blacks. For example, imagine that a person believes left-handed people are more creative than right-handed people. The change in Raul's behavior best illustrates the impact of, A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage, Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to, Deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers, Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because, The "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted. Female 2: I can be hard to figure out Male 2: and I like my privacy. Discrimination is a behavior bias against a person (or group) based on stereotyped beliefs about that group. A tendency to favor one's own group is called: been more racially prejudiced than others. Around nine-in-ten Americans favor some form of marijuana legalization, according to an April 2021 Pew Research Center survey.An overwhelming majority of U.S. adults (91%) say either that marijuana should be legal for medical and recreational use (60%) or that it should be legal for medical use only (31%).Just 8% say the drug should not be legal in any form. When 12-year-old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk, he prepared to offer help. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is sometimes called the ________ gene. d. ingroup bias., Kelly is a Republican and Carlos is a Democrat. the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. a. cognitive dissonance. A) perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others. They are motivated by . An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. When it comes to relationships, it is valuable to remember that negative comments usually carry much more weight than positive ones. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like modern racism, ingroup bias, been more racially prejudiced than others and more. A) the tendency to favor members of one's own group. Social categorization and stereotyping in vivo: The VUCA challenge. Historical examples abound. Group-serving bias (or ultimate attribution error). Social identity theory (Tajfel, Billig, Bundy, & Flament, 1971) describes this tendency to favor ones own in-group over anothers outgroup. The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation (external) or the person's disposition (internal). The scale, from Luhtanen and Crocker (1992), is shown in Table 12.2 "The Collective Self-Esteem Scale". B) Having the belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group. We categorize people according to their citizenship, gender, allegiance to a sports team, and university affiliation, among other qualities. This finding is an example of: In Europe, prejudice is often greater among those whose positive self-image is threatened. C) a win-win solution. Tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other ethnic groups. Whereas SDO emphasizes potential economic conflicts, RWA focuses on value conflicts. Like most students in her school, she believes that Carson Elementary School is the best school in town. This is an example of: individuals sometimes perform poorly when apprehensive about being stereotyped. Understand biases such as social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism. (2020). ethnocentric. Altemeyer, B. What is the correct present tense conjugation of the verb? Just that morning, a court officer had confiscated a juror's copy of The New York Post with the case on the cover. a. human aggression is an unlearned instinct. That said, the targets of bias sometimes shift across time. Was the White person wrong because they will never learn to be comfortable if they avoid contact? It was considered acceptable to openly disparage entire groups of people and to pass laws that restricted or harmed these groups. Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971). Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). The frustration-aggression principle most clearly applies to individuals with higher-than-average levels of: Beth believes that all sorority members are unintelligent and self-centered. Consequently, because of the absence of genuine feedback, Yosef is not able to progress like other trainees.

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