Pressured to produce a male heir, they had unluckily produced three girls already, and little Anastasia was the fourth. [93] As it cleared, it became evident that although several of the family's retainers had been killed, all of the Imperial children were alive and only Maria was injured. [40] Their only source of ventilation was a fortochka in the grand duchesses' bedroom, but peeking out of it was strictly forbidden; in May a sentry fired a shot at Anastasia when she looked out. [83] Neither Yurovsky nor any of the killers went into the logistics of how to efficiently destroy eleven bodies. WEDNESDAY, March 11, 2009 (HealthDay News) -- An enduring mystery has been laid to rest with the DNA identification of the bodies of two children of the last Tsar of Russia. [139][122] Three skulls were removed from the grave, but after failing to find any scientist and laboratory to help examine them, and worried about the consequences of finding the grave, Avdonin and Ryabov reburied them in the summer of 1980. [130], Sokolov ultimately failed to find the concealed burial site on the Koptyaki Road; he photographed the spot as evidence of where the Fiat truck had become stuck on the morning of 19 July. [25] In all such decisions Lenin regularly insisted that no written evidence be preserved. Combined with additional DNA evidence from the 1991 grave document, we have virtually unquestionable evidence that the two persons recovered from the 2007 grave were the two missing children of the Romanov family: Tsarevich Alexei and one of his sisters. It was decided that the pit was too shallow. Perry, John Curtis, and Constantine V. Pleshakov. The Kremlin had planned to bury the last two family members, the. The discovery appears to fill in the last chapter of the doomed Romanovs. During his interrogation he denied taking part in the murders, and died in prison of typhus. According to historian David Bullock, the Bolsheviks, falsely believing that the Czechoslovaks were on a mission to rescue the family, panicked and executed their wards. He is a member of the OSAC Biodata Information and Interpretation Committee and an invited member of the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM). The Tsar, Empress Alexandria, their four daughters and one son were all believed to have perished. "[82] At least two of the Letts, an Austro-Hungarian prisoner of war named Andras Verhas and Adolf Lepa, himself in charge of the Lett contingent, refused to shoot the women. This story is the first in a two-part series about the Romanovs. They resulte Romanovs: The Missing Bodies | National Geographic. Remnick, Reporting: Writings from the New Yorker, p. 222. But because the corpses were so mangled, the notion that the missing daughter could be Anastasia Romanov persisted. [98] Anna Demidova, Alexandra's maid, survived the initial onslaught but was quickly stabbed to death against the back wall while trying to defend herself with a small pillow which she had carried that was filled with precious gems and jewels. [26] Other sources argue that Lenin and the central Soviet government had wanted to conduct a trial of the Romanovs, with Trotsky serving as prosecutor, but that the local Ural Soviet, under pressure from Left Socialist-Revolutionaries and anarchists, undertook the executions on their own initiative due to the approach of the Czechoslovaks. One woman, who called herself Anna Anderson, surfaced in Berlin a few years after the execution and said she survived with the help of a kind Bolshevik soldier. Romanov family shrouded in mystery Nicholas II, his German-born wife Alexandra Feodorovna, and their five children, Anastasia, Maria, Tatiana, Olga and Alexei, were executed by the Bolsheviks in. [154] His son, Alexander Yurovsky, voluntarily handed over his father's memoirs to amateur investigators Avdonin and Ryabov in 1978.[155]. The long-running murder case had been closed in 1998, after DNA tests authenticated the Romanov remains found in a mass grave in the Urals in 1991. . "We got lucky," Mr Plotnikov said. Michael's grandson Peter I, who established the Russian Empire in 1721, transformed the country into a great power through a series of wars and reforms. All rumors are only lies of capitalist press." THE ROMANOVS: THE FINAL CHAPTER is an unusual sequel to Massie's earlier NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA and PETER THE GREAT. . But two of the Romanovs were never found. But repeated digs at the leafy spot on the outskirts of Yekaterinburg in southern Russia, where the remains of the rest of the family were found, failed to reveal a resting place. "Archaeologists excavated practically the whole site in the 1990s but then ran out of money," Maria Sosnina, a journalist with the local Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper, said. "And where is his family?" 48. What happened to the missing bodies of the Romanov family? Scientists repeated the mtDNA test and found an exact match. Forensic DNA testing of the remains in the early 1990s was used to identify the family. For starters, two of the Romanov children were missing. [59][168] However, only the final resting places of Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna and her faithful companion Sister Varvara Yakovleva are known today, buried alongside each other in the Church of Mary Magdalene in Jerusalem. His house was the reigning royal house of Russia from 1613 to 1917. But when the corpses were later moved and given a proper burial, the bodies of the son, Alexei, and the princess Anastasia were missing. [37] The initial fence enclosed the garden along Voznesensky Lane. In the mid 1970s the mass grave of the Romanov family (minus two of the children) was discovered and officially exhumed after the fall of the Soviet Union. "I would like to hope that the examination will be more thorough and detailed than the examination of the so-called Yekaterinburg remains," Bishop Mark of Yegorvevsk, deputy head of the Moscow patriarch's external relations branch, said. [51] In mid-June, nuns from the Novo-Tikhvinsky Monastery also brought the family food on a daily basis, most of which the captors took when it arrived. The Duke and the great-niece matched identically. Romanovs: The Missing Bodies | National Geographic. What was the mtDNA profile of Georgij Romanov? [74] He was under pressure to ensure that no remains would later be found by monarchists who would exploit them to rally anti-communist support. The wall had been torn apart in search of bullets and other evidence by investigators in 1919. Yesterday Russian archaeologists confirmed they had discovered the remains of a 10-13 year old boy and an 18-23 year old woman - presumed to be Prince Alexei and Grand Duchess Maria. Olga sustained a gunshot wound to the head. There were missing bodies, long thought to have been murdered during the Russian Revolution. One of the greatest mysteries for most of the twentieth century was the fate of the Romanov family, the last Russian monarchy. The Empress and Grand Duchess Olga, according to a guard's reminiscence, had tried to bless themselves, but failed amid the shooting. DNA tests were likely to confirm their origins, officials said. Were they telling the truth? Under the dome of St. Isaac's Cathedral in Russia's former imperial capital city, Grand Duke George Mikhailovich Romanov, 40, married his Italian bride, Victoria Romanovna Bettarini, 39, in an. Tiny statistical margins of error in identification had sparked "huge doubts and many disputes". "Archaeologists surmise that they are the remains of Prince Alexei and Grand Duchess Maria," Mr Pogorelov told a press conference yesterday. John Curtis Perry, Constantine V. Pleshakov, p. 193. The Unexplained Death of the Romanovs, the circumstances surrounding their deaths remain shrouded in mystery with unanswered questions and conflicting accounts. There was little doubt that the remains were those of the Romanov children, Sergei Pogorelov, deputy director of the Sverdlovsk region's archaeological institute, said. Nov 13, 2019 - It was a mystery that baffled historians for decades: what really became of the missing members of the Romanov royal family, long thought to have been murde. The Red Army was secretive about the executions, and the ruling Communist party didnt permit inquiries into the historic event. Around midnight on 17 July, Yurovsky ordered the Romanovs' physician, Eugene Botkin, to awaken the sleeping family and ask them to put on their clothes, under the pretext that the family would be moved to a safe location due to impending chaos in Yekaterinburg. What happened to the missing bodies of the Romanov family? Tselms). [122] Leonid Brezhnev's Politburo deemed the Ipatiev House lacking "sufficient historical significance" and it was demolished in September 1977 by KGB chairman Yuri Andropov,[138] less than a year before the sixtieth anniversary of the murders. Two were brought down. [60], When Yurovsky replaced Aleksandr Avdeev on 4 July,[61] he moved the old internal guard members to the Popov House. But questions still lingered. The Romanovs' bodies were thrown down a mineshaft, only to be retrieved, burned and buried near a cart track. Four chemical bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine bond with hydrogen to make base pairings. Given the mystery and debacle of the assassination of the Romanov family (and the missing bodies), people have held out hope for years that some of the children might have escaped. The Tsar, Tsarina, three of their daughters, and four attendants are identified. [163] Sverdlov granted permission for the local paper in Yekaterinburg to publish the "Execution of Nicholas, the Bloody Crowned Murderer Shot without Bourgeois Formalities but in Accordance with our new democratic principles",[110] along with the coda that "the wife and son of Nicholas Romanov have been sent to a safe place". Pinterest. Her Sister's Body Was Still Missing. Historians long suspected that four servants had been buried along with the royal family. So when the geologist found a mass grave. They were next moved to a house in Yekaterinburg, near the Ural Mountains before their execution in July 1918. Gerard Shelley. "And the family with him." He had a permit to dig, and authorities assumed he was there for geological research. [143], On 15 August 2000, the Russian Orthodox Church announced the canonization of the family for their "humbleness, patience and meekness". My friend Leonid and I started to dig. Filipp Goloshchyokin, a close associate of Yakov Sverdlov, being a military commissar of the Uralispolkom in Yekaterinburg, however did not actually participate, and two or three guards refused to take part. Sulphuric acid was again used to dissolve the bodies, their faces smashed with rifle butts and covered with quicklime. [4] The bodies were taken to the Koptyaki forest, where they were stripped, buried, and mutilated with grenades to prevent identification. [11] The Soviet cover-up of the murders fuelled rumors of survivors. ibid. Trotsky wrote: My next visit to Moscow took place after the fall of Yekaterinburg. [5], On 16 July, Yurovsky was informed by the Ural Soviets that Red Army contingents were retreating in all directions and the executions could not be delayed any longer. He also had the same distinction, which confirmed the skeleton in the mass grave was indeed the last Tsar of Russia. Mr Plotnikov was part of a team from an amateur history group who spent free summer weekends looking for the lost Romanovs. In fact, both men were already dead: after the Bolsheviks had removed them from the Ipatiev House in May, they had been shot by the Cheka with a group of other hostages on 6 July, in reprisal for the death of Ivan Malyshev[ru], Chairman of the Ural Regional Committee of the Bolshevik Party killed by the Whites. According to the legend, the conflict broke out in 1325 after a group of Modenese soldiers dashed into the rival town of Bologna. [100] Ermakov grabbed Alexander Strekotin's rifle and bayoneted her in the chest,[100] but when it failed to penetrate he pulled out his revolver and shot her in the head. Only around 20% of Back in Victorian Britain, there was a job title called pure finder. And that is exactly the place where they [the new team] found them. They packed up, leaving behind an 8-metre- square area of ground. Members of the Presidium of the Ural Executive Council: number of people claimed to be survivors of the ill-fated family, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (18641918), "A Playwright Applies His Craft To Czar Nicholas II's Last Days", "From the archive, 22 July 1918: Ex-tsar Nicholas II executed", "Sleuths say they've found the last Romanovs", "Russia reopens criminal case on 1918 Romanov royal family murders", : , 1926. The last civilians to see the Romanovs alive were four women who had been brought in from the town to clean the Ipatiev House. The two missing children had been buried about 70 meters from the mass grave. I asked. [39], The windows in all the family's rooms were sealed shut and covered with newspapers (later painted with whitewash on 15 May). And I can confidently say that today there is no reliable document that would prove the initiative of Lenin and Sverdlov. Seven years later, five skeletons were found in a forest near Ekaterinburg, soon . Watch. [189] On the eve of the centennial, the Russian government announced that its new probe had confirmed once again that the bodies were the Romanovs. The burial was completed at 6 am on 19 July. [47] The prisoners were required to ring a bell each time they wished to leave their rooms to use the bathroom and lavatory on the landing. "[90] Yurovsky quickly repeated the order and the weapons were raised. [80] Yurovsky and Pavel Medvedev collected 14 handguns to use that night: two Browning pistols (one M1900 and one M1906), two Colt M1911 pistols, two Mauser C96s, one Smith & Wesson, and seven Belgian-made Nagants. [133] The box is stored in the Russian Orthodox Church of Saint Job in Uccle, Brussels. Updated on March 11, 2009. A few minutes later, an execution squad of secret police was brought in and Yurovsky read aloud the order given to him by the Ural Executive Committee: Nikolai Alexandrovich, in view of the fact that your relatives are continuing their attack on Soviet Russia, the Ural Executive Committee has decided to execute you.[89]. Yurovsky was furious when he discovered that the drunken Ermakov had brought only one shovel for the burial. Touch device users, explore by touch or . They also recovered seven teeth, three bullets of various calibres, a tantalising fragment of a dress, and wire from a wooden box. Tsar Nicholas II and his family in 1913. [148] Pyotr Voykov was given the specific task of arranging for the disposal of their remains, obtaining 570 litres (130impgal; 150USgal) of gasoline and 180 kilograms (400lb) of sulphuric acid, the latter from the Yekaterinburg pharmacy. Since there were no clothes on the bodies and the damage inflicted was extensive, controversy persisted as to whether the skeletal remains identified and interred in St. Petersburg as Anastasia's were really hers or Maria's. [84], While the Romanovs were having dinner on 16 July 1918, Yurovsky entered the sitting room and informed them that kitchen boy Leonid Sednev was leaving to meet his uncle, Ivan Sednev, who had returned to the city asking to see him; Ivan had already been shot by the Cheka. Romanovs: The Missing Bodies dokumentumfilm rtkels: 3 szavazatbl Szerinted? [32] The number of Ipatiev House guards totaled 300 at the time the imperial family was killed. [119], Sergey Chutskaev[ru] of the local Soviet told Yurovsky of some deeper copper mines west of Yekaterinburg, the area remote and swampy and a grave there less likely to be discovered. [20][21] Most historians attribute the execution order to the government in Moscow, specifically Vladimir Lenin and Yakov Sverdlov, who wanted to prevent the rescue of the Imperial family by the approaching Czechoslovak Legion during the ongoing Russian Civil War. [75] He was frequently in consultation with Peter Ermakov, who was in charge of the disposal squad and claimed to know the outlying countryside. [16] Boris Yeltsin and his wife attended the funeral along with Romanov relations, including Prince Michael of Kent. [121], During transportation to the deeper copper mines on the early morning of 19 July, the Fiat truck carrying the bodies got stuck again in mud near Porosenkov Log ("Piglet's Ravine"). [109] On 19 July, the Bolsheviks nationalized all confiscated Romanov properties,[55] the same day Sverdlov announced the tsar's execution to the Council of People's Commissars. And in 2018, as the country was preparing to commemorate the 100th anniversary of their deaths, Russian investigators announced that further DNA testing confirmed that the remains were indeed authentic Now they knew for certain all the Romanovs died during the shocking execution. Among those aged between 18 and 24, 46% believe that Nicholas II had to be punished for his mistakes. / : / . Fearing how the Soviet government might react, the finders hid the information until things changed. I made no reply. In 1998, eighty years after the executions, the remains of the Romanovs were reinterred in a state funeral in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in Saint Petersburg. [65] These fabricated letters, along with the Romanov responses to them (written on either blank spaces or the envelopes),[66] provided the Central Executive Committee (CEC) in Moscow with further justification to 'liquidate' the imperial family. [63], During the imperial family's imprisonment in late June, Pyotr Voykov and Alexander Beloborodov, president of the Ural Regional Soviet,[64] directed the smuggling of letters written in French to the Ipatiev House. 1939. Over the years 2000 to 2003, the Church of All Saints, Yekaterinburg was built on the site of Ipatiev House. The Bolsheviks placed the family under house arrest, and then suddenly executed them in 1918 an event that toppled Russia's last imperial dynasty. 137, Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe, "No proof Lenin ordered last Tsar's murder", " . because no skeleton under the age of 18 was recovered, we know that prince Alexei and princess Anastasia are both missing since the bodies were buried for more than 75 years, what type of evidence was preserved that enabled scientists to determine who was buried in the grave? The Romanov Royal Martyrs Tue, November 5, 2019 2:30pm URL: Embed: It was a mystery that baffled historians for decades: what really became of the missing members of the royal Romanov family, long thought to have been . [92] Within minutes, Yurovsky was forced to stop the shooting because of the caustic smoke of burned gunpowder, dust from the plaster ceiling caused by the reverberation of bullets, and the deafening gunshots. The bookthe first public admission by the regime that the entire Romanov family had been executedsuggested that the bodies hadn't been burned to ash, but rather buried in the forest. [123] They dug a grave that was 1.8 by 2.4 metres (6ft 8ft) in size and barely 60 centimetres (2ft) deep. By admin Nov 5, 2019. No one survived, and anyone who claimed otherwise was an imposter. View ROMANOVS.docx from ENGLISH 113 at John A. Ferguson Senior High. The newspaper Izvestiya published a haunting black and white photo of the Romanovs, taken in 1913, on its front page. [85] The family was very upset as Leonid was Alexei's only playmate and he was the fifth member of the imperial entourage to be taken from them, but they were assured by Yurovsky that he would be back soon. The Bolsheviks placed the family under house arrest, and then suddenly executed them in 1918 an event that toppled Russia's last imperial dynasty. [170] In July 1991, the bodies of five family members (the Tsar, Tsarina, and three of their daughters) were exhumed. 1941. The two missing children had been buried about 70 meters from the mass grave. He seized a truck which he had loaded with blocks of concrete for attaching to the bodies before submerging them in the new mineshaft. [175] Patriarch Alexy II, who felt that the Church was sidelined in the investigation, refused to officiate at the burial and banned bishops from taking part in the funeral ceremony. Szlj hozz! The Holy Synod opposed the government's decision in February 1998 to bury the remains in the Peter and Paul Fortress, preferring a "symbolic" grave until their authenticity had been resolved. The DNA tests revealed that skeletons four and seven were the parents of skeletons three, five and six. Nicholas noted in his diary on 8 July that "new Latvians are standing guard", describing them as Letts a term commonly used in Russia to classify someone as of European, non-Russian origin. [25], On the afternoon of 19 July, Filipp Goloshchyokin announced at the Opera House on Glavny Prospekt that "Nicholas the bloody" had been shot and his family taken to another place. [110], The bodies of the Romanovs and their servants were loaded onto a Fiat truck equipped with a 60 hp engine,[102] with a cargo area measuring 1.8 by 3.0 metres (6ft 10ft). I also felt satisfied. Until her death in 1984, Anderson contended she was the missing Tsarina. [111] About .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}800 metres (12 mile) further on, near crossing no. We then discovered a fragment of skull. The Russian Imperial Romanov family (Nicholas II of Russia, his wife Alexandra Feodorovna, and their five children: Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Alexei) were shot and bayoneted to death[2][3] by Bolshevik revolutionaries under Yakov Yurovsky on the orders of the Ural Regional Soviet in Yekaterinburg on the night of 1617 July 1918. Genealogists were able to identify two distant relatives. On July 17 1918, Nicholas, his wife, Alexandra, their children, doctor and three servants were woken and killed. [1] Having previously seized some jewelry, he suspected more was hidden in their clothes;[35] the bodies were stripped naked in order to obtain the rest (this, along with the mutilations were aimed at preventing investigators from identifying them). . After the Bolsheviks swept to power in October 1917, Tsar Nicholas II and his family were moved to the town of Yekaterinburg. There were missing bodies, long thought to have been murdered during the Russian Revolution. More than 60 years earlier, Tsar Nicholas II abdicated the throne while under pressure from the Red Army, an army created in the wake of theBolshevikRevolution of 1917. Males also inherit the maternal mtDNA but do not pass it on to their offspring. The burial site of the Romanovs was discovered in 1979 but this information wasn't made public until 1991 as two bodies were still missing. The Romanov family were dug up in 1991, formally identified using DNA samples, and reburied in a St Petersburg cathedral. Do you want to know more about the big cities of the ancient world? Since the female body was badly disfigured, Yurovsky mistook her for Anna Demidova; in his report he wrote that he had actually wanted to destroy Alexandra's corpse. [90][94], The noise of the guns had been heard by households all around, awakening many people. This enabled them to identify that nine people were buried in the grave. [67] Yurovsky later observed that, by responding to the faked letters, Nicholas "had fallen into a hasty plan by us to trap him". [27], On 22 March 1917, Tsar Nicholas II, deposed as a monarch and addressed by the sentries as "Nicholas Romanov", was reunited with his family at the Alexander Palace in Tsarskoye Selo. [97] Alexei received two bullets to the head, right behind the ear. There they were brutally . Filipp Goloshchyokin was shot in October 1941 in an NKVD prison and consigned to an unmarked grave.[146]. The execution and disposal of the remains of Russia's last royal family, the Romanovs, remains one of the most macabre chapters in Russia's bloody history. In the past, several people claimed to be one of the children who miraculously survived, including a few who claimed to be the Grand Duchess Anastasia. The French Revolution and the Russian Anti-Democratic Tradition: A Case of False Consciousness (1997). [32] Their Brownie cameras and photographic equipment were confiscated. The study involved the main experts on the subject historians and archivists. But no one knew for sure. On 5 June a second palisade was erected, higher and longer than the first, which completely enclosed the property. An extensive report carried out by a criminal investigator named Nikolai Sokolov concluded that the Romanovs had been cremated at the mine. [28] Princess Helen of Serbia visited the house in June but was refused entry at gunpoint by the guards,[52] while Dr Vladimir Derevenko's regular visits to treat Alexei were curtailed when Yurovsky became commandant. The prisoners were ordered not to engage in conversation with any of the guards. Mikls crt s csaldjt, felrppent a pletyka, hogy a gyerekek egy rsze megszta a mszrlst. Czar Nicholas II was the last Romanov. Romanovs: Missing BodiesRomanovs: Missing Bodies, 2021 Genially. What? Romanovs: The Missing Bodies | National Geographic. [9] The Soviets finally acknowledged the murders in 1926 following the publication in France of a 1919 investigation by a White migr but said that the bodies were destroyed and that Lenin's Cabinet was not responsible. [187] On the centenary of the murders, over 100,000 pilgrims took part in a procession led by Patriarch Kirill in Yekaterinburg, marching from the city center where the Romanovs were murdered to a monastery in Ganina Yama. But it would prove difficult to determine whether these bones belonged the murdered Romanovs. The Romanovs: The Final Chapter by Robert Massie focuses on the forensic work that was done in the late 20th century to locate the remaining bodies of the Romanov family, and to be able to finally have a clearer picture of what took place in the final days of the Imperial family. the two children missing from the mass grave - Alexei and one of his sisters - as evidence that the bodies found in the mass grave were not the Romanov family. The other skeletons were not related. [42] The guards were ordered to increase their surveillance accordingly, and the prisoners were warned not to look out of the window or attempt to signal to anyone outside, on pain of being shot. Yurovsky killed Tatiana and Alexei. [134], His preliminary report was published in a book that same year in French and then Russian. Contributing to the enduring appeal of the "Missing Duchess" storyline was the fact that the burial site of the Romanovs, which was discovered in 1979 and made public only in 1991, was missing two bodies. He was part of the group of investigators of the Romanovs: Missing Bodies case in which the following happened: In the summer of 2007, a team of amateur archaeologists discovered a collection of remains from a second grave about 70 meters from the larger one. It transpired that Yurovsky and his men had returned to the first burial site the night after the execution. [152] However, in a final letter that was written to his children shortly before his death in 1938, he only reminisced about his revolutionary career and how "the storm of October" had "turned its brightest side" towards him, making him "the happiest of mortals";[153] there was no expression of regret or remorse over the murders. Andersons rival, Eugenia Smith, who also claimed she was Anastasia, refused to give a DNA sample before she died in 1997. [51] The family was not allowed visitors or to receive and send letters. [101][102], While Yurovsky was checking the victims for pulses, Ermakov walked through the room, flailing the bodies with his bayonet. As soon as the Czechoslovaks seized Yekaterinburg, his apartment was pillaged. My heart leaped with joy. [24] A 2011 investigation concluded that, despite the opening of state archives in the post-Soviet years, no written document has been found which proves Lenin or Sverdlov ordered the executions;[25] however, they endorsed the murders after they occurred. After the family was murdered, Anna, a close friend of the royal family, was able to flee Soviet Russia with six . Scientists were eager to solve the mystery, but it wasnt going to be easy. Alexandra requested a chair because she was sick, and Nicholas requested a second for Alexei. Historians long suspected that four servants had been buried along with the royal family.

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